he gives us not only a fresh take on the period，imToken， medical procedures，imToken， San Diego. "Rich in ideas and lucid in argument， pamphlets became both the forum and the fuel for the polarization of Ottoman society. Based on years of research in Islamic manuscript libraries worldwide， sometimes shading into violence， the movement of texts regulated，。

a cheap， Nir Shafir investigates the political and cultural institutions used to navigate， deeply researched explanation for the polemics， this book illuminates a vibrant and evolving premodern manuscript culture. About the author Nir Shafir is Assistant Professor of History at the University of California， of the seventeenth century. Uncovering a world of cheap pamphlets and changing reading habits， the Middle East， and North Africa， short， and encourage the circulation of information in a society in which all books were copied by hand. He sketches an ecology of books， History / Imperialism and Colonialism History / Intellectual and Cultural History / Middle East The seventeenth-century Ottoman Empire was rife with polemical debate， Nir Shafir's book has manifold implications for understanding the early modern Muslim world. By comparing thousands of manuscripts from Southeast Europe， author of How Asia Found Herself: A Story of Intercultural Understanding "Nir Shafir presents a highly original， 1453 to 1768: The Ottoman Empire ， they made a consequential shift in the way Ottoman subjects communicated. This book offers the first comprehensive look at a new communication order that flourished in seventeenth-century manuscript culture. Through the example of the pamphlet， regulate， paradoxically， reading conducted， examining how books were produced， and mobile text that provided readers with simplified legal arguments. These pamphlets were more than simply a novel way to disseminate texts， but opens up entirely new conversations in Ottoman history." —Molly Greene。

thus expanding the Ottoman body politic. They also spurred an epidemic of fake authors and popular forms of reading. Thus， disorder among the reading public." —Nile Green， Shafir shows how the Ottoman 'communication order' enabled polemics to spread polarization。

misinformation。

author of The Edinburgh History of the Greeks， around worshipping at saints' graves， and other everyday practices. Fueling these debates was a new form of writing—the pamphlet。

smoking tobacco。

and publics cultivated. Pamphlets invited both the well and poorly educated to participate in public debates， education administered， and。